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| EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
Schools have changed a lot in recent years. Standards have improved and there is wider choice.
Everybody has a right to a school place for a child from age 5 to age 16, and a school or college place for him or her from 16 to 18. These places are provid¬ed free of charge. Everybody has a duty to make sure that the child goes to school until he or she is 16.
Most pupils go to schools, which offer free education, although fee-paying independent schools also have an important role to play. In most schools, the governors and headteacher are in charge of the way the school is run, but the local council fixes the size of the budget, offers advice and can step in if things go wrong.
There are now around a thousand self-governing schools, also known as grant-maintained schools. They also offer free of charge education, but are run by their headteachers and governors, independent of the local council. They get their money from central government through the Funding Agency of Schools. This includes a share of what the local council would have spent on administration.
The 1993 Education Act gives voluntary bodies, including groups of par¬ents working together, the opportunity to set up self-governing schools which receive funding directly from central government.
There are also some City Technology Colleges, known as CTCs. These are new type of free secondary school, set up mainly in large towns and cities through partnerships between the Government and business. CTCs concentrate mainly on technology and science.
An increasing number of schools are choosing to specialize in particular subjects, especially technology, often working with local business. But all these schools, some of which are the new Technology Colleges, teach the full National Curriculum, so all pupils will have a broad-based education.
Many independent schools are boarding schools. Some boarding schools are run by local councils, and some self-governing schools also provide board¬ing places.
Every child has a right to a good education. This means that school should do its best to make sure every child does as well as he or she possibly can. The Government's education reforms are designed to support schools' and teach¬ers' efforts to achieve that. A child has a right to broad and balanced studies which promote spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development, and prepare him or her for adult studies.
The child is taught the subjects he or she must study under the Nation¬al Curriculum. These are English, maths, science, technology, a foreign language in secondary schools, history, geography, art, music. History, geography, art and music are not compulsory after the age of 14. But the child must be given religious education unless the parents decide otherwise.
Pupils will be tested in the core subjects of English, maths and science at about the ages 7, 11, and 14. The tests are designed to be easier for teachers to manage than they were in the past. Most pupils will also be entered for GCSEs (General Certificate of School Education) or other public examina¬tions, including vocational qualifications, when they are 16.
Education and training should not stop when a student is 16. Young people now have much more choice about education and training from 16 to 18, including what and where to study.
GCE "A" levels will continue to set standards of excellence. In addition, more schools and colleges are offering new, broad vocational courses leading to Foundation and Intermediate GNVQs, as well as Advanced GNVQs; the new "vocational "A" levels". Together with job-specific NVQs, they provide more routes towards better jobs and places at university. From about the age of 14, pupils from an increasing number of schools will be able to get experi-ence of vocational courses as well as GCSEs.
When young people reach 16 they can decide to:
1. stay on at school;
2. move to a college as a full-time student; or
3. combine part-time study with a job, perhaps through the Youth Training programme.
Young people need to be able to choose the programme of study, whether academic or vocational or a mixture of the two, that best suits their aptitudes and abilities.
Young people are entitled to continue their education and training beyond 16. Tuition is free for full-time students aged 16 to 18 in state schools, CTCs and colleges in the further education sector. Most independent schools and colleges charge fees. In some parts of the country, every 16 and 17 year old who is not in full-time education is given a Youth Credit. This is a voucher which young people can exchange for part-time education or training leading to a recognized qualification.
"A" Level (Advanced Level) is an examination usually taken by pupils in their final year at school at the age of 18, but it is open to anyone who has studied for it. It was introduced in 1951. "A" Levels are needed to enter most types of further education and a student must usually have three with good grades to enter university.
AS Level (Advanced Supplementary Level) is an examination taken by some pupils in their final year of school when they are taking their "A" Levels. The AS Level is a simpler examination than the "A" Level and can be studied in half the time. The exam was first used in 1989 and is intended to give pupils the chance to study a greater variety of subjects.
Comprehensive schools were introduced in 1965 to provide on equal secondary (11 —18 years old) education for all people, regardless of ability. Comprehensive schools put pupils in different classes according to their ability.
GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) is the name of the examination taken by school pupil at the end of their fifth year of secondary education at the age of 16. It is also opened to anyone who has studied for it. Pupils take an average of 7 GCSEs in a variety of subjects. The first exami¬nations appeared in 1988. Grades go from A to G and pupils can fail com¬pletely.
Grammar schools are part of the old secondary education system for pupils aged 11 —18 which was changed in 1965 by the introduction of Comprehen¬sive schools. Some Grammar schools still exist. Pupils have to pass an exam called the Eleven Plus to go to a Grammar school where they will receive a good, formal, academic education. The name "grammar" comes from the medieval system of teaching Latin grammar as the basis of education. Today there are 200 Grammar schools.
National Curriculum was introduced into the education system in 1989. The National Curriculum is designed to make a national standard for all schools between the ages of 5 and 16. The main subjects are English, Math-ematics, Science and a foreign language, either French or German. There are examinations for all pupils at the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16 to check on their progress.
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